西安鍛銅雕塑淺析銅材料以及加工工藝
來源：GOGOGO免費高清視頻:www.hengyunjixie.com 發布時間：2019年01月11日
金屬是GOGOGO免費高清視頻:西安(an)鍛銅雕塑中最常見的材料之一，在鍛銅雕塑藝術發展的歷史長河中，用不同種類的金屬制造的雕塑作品非常多而且有非常重要的歷史地位和價值。不論是純粹的雕塑藝術還是日常生活所用的器皿都有金屬雕塑的優秀范例。金屬是天然的材料，它具有永恒性和高貴性，從而具有廣泛的實用價值和審美價值。金屬材料硬度高、韌性好、光澤亮，是雕塑的主要材料之一。金屬材料經過高溫可以溶化成液體，然后將其澆注入相應的模具里，待其冷卻之后即可成型為雕塑。古代人們所使用的工具、生活用品、打仗的武器都是如此制成，我國在很早以前的夏商周到春秋戰國時期的青銅器鑄造就已經達到了一個頂峰。而銅材料是制作雕塑的主要金屬材料。
一、銅的物理化學性質(zhi)及其分(fen)類(lei)
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被應(ying)用得得心應(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈(cheng)玫瑰紅(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)地軟(ruan)而(er)(er)韌，其延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)氧(yang)化，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用生成褐色(se)硫(liu)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)二氧(yang)化碳作(zuo)用形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)氯(lv)形成氯(lv)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做其它電鍍(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做為防止滲碳氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一可(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電鍍(du)(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)低，容易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意(yi)圖，且色(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩(wen)重，可(ke)和各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝受(shou)到很多藝術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛(ai)，成為許(xu)多壁畫(hua)、雕塑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金屬(shu)錫(xi)冶(ye)煉而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)一般只適于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)一些折皺(zhou)少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字(zi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)(rong)化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)卻(que)由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，有一定準確(que)度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩(cai)。
二、GOGOGO免費高清視頻:西安鍛銅浮雕的加工工藝
銅經過不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工藝程序，會產(chan)生不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺美感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美感(gan)。銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)(shu)之美是(shi)集(ji)材質之美、工藝之美和(he)(he)藝術(shu)(shu)之美三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)綜合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從這三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)入手，即使是(shi)藝術(shu)(shu)欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面來進行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑藝術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)同(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅材料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)造型(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑對加(jia)工成型(xing)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。所以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割(ge)等(deng)五大(da)加(jia)工成型(xing)工藝，而且在裝飾(shi)工藝方(fang)面還主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金(jin)(jin)、鍍金(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)鍍銀三(san)大(da)類(lei)。
（一）鑄造工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)造工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑(su)(su)的(de)最古老的(de)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)方法是(shi)首先(xian)要用黏土(tu)或者其它(ta)可塑(su)(su)材料(liao)做(zuo)出原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然后(hou)(hou)再(zai)翻成(cheng)鑄(zhu)造模(mo)型(xing)(xing)，之后(hou)(hou)進行澆鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造模(mo)型(xing)(xing)材料(liao)的(de)不同，主要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)造、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)造和失蠟鑄(zhu)造（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)造）。
1、陶(tao)范鑄(zhu)造
它是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握了(le)(le)這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并(bing)用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅文(wen)化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄造(zao)方法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用于鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精選細黏(nian)土敷(fu)在(zai)模(mo)型(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)(gan)時分(fen)(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙(bei)燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜程(cheng)度而定。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物(wu)，在(zai)做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)澆鑄后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做好(hao)澆注(zhu)口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上(shang)泥層進行(xing)加(jia)固。做好(hao)上(shang)述工作，即可(ke)以熔銅澆鑄了(le)(le)。對于造(zao)型(xing)復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄造(zao)往(wang)往(wang)無(wu)法一(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用分(fen)(fen)鑄法。比如全(quan)身人(ren)像(xiang)雕塑，我們將其(qi)頭與身體(ti)、四肢分(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四肢鑄好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆鑄軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時四肢便與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)鑄成(cheng)一(yi)體(ti)了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO免費高清視頻:鍛(duan)銅雕(diao)塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
一、銅的物理化學性質(zhi)及其分(fen)類(lei)
銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人類發現最早而(er)(er)且又是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)常被應(ying)用得得心應(ying)手的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)化學(xue)符號(hao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)Cu、原(yuan)子序數是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)29、原(yuan)子量(liang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)63.546，色(se)澤呈(cheng)玫瑰紅(hong)色(se)，比重是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8.94，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)1083℃，沸點(dian)：2582℃，抗拉強度：220～420MPa。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)地軟(ruan)而(er)(er)韌，其延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能好(hao)(hao)(hao)，易(yi)塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，導(dao)電性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及導(dao)熱性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)優(you)良，良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拋(pao)(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易(yi)氧(yang)化，尤其是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)加(jia)熱更易(yi)氧(yang)化，不能做防護性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鍍(du)(du)層，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)作(zuo)用生成褐色(se)硫(liu)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)二氧(yang)化碳作(zuo)用形成銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)錄(lu)，會(hui)和空氣中(zhong)氯(lv)形成氯(lv)化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)粉末。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鍍(du)(du)層具有良好(hao)(hao)(hao)均勻性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、致密(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、附著性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)及拋(pao)(pao)旋光(guang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等，所(suo)以(yi)可(ke)做其它電鍍(du)(du)金屬(shu)之底鍍(du)(du)鍍(du)(du)層。鍍(du)(du)層可(ke)做為防止滲碳氮化銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，唯一可(ke)實用于(yu)鋅鑄件電鍍(du)(du)打底用。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)來源充足，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)容易(yi)電鍍(du)(du)，容易(yi)控制(zhi)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電鍍(du)(du)量(liang)僅次于(yu)鎳。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)可(ke)分(fen)為紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（紫銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）、黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)單純的(de)(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)金屬(shu)，性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)而(er)(er)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)低，容易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。所(suo)以(yi)鍛(duan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝絕大部分(fen)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)而(er)(er)言。紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)富延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又能很好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表現作(zuo)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)創作(zuo)意(yi)圖，且色(se)澤渾厚(hou)、穩(wen)重，可(ke)和各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)、各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)環境配合(he)，既可(ke)制(zhi)作(zuo)大型(xing)壁畫(hua)、雕塑，又可(ke)做靈活的(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)部點(dian)綴裝(zhuang)飾(shi)(shi)。所(suo)以(yi)這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝受(shou)到很多藝術家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)偏愛(ai)，成為許(xu)多壁畫(hua)、雕塑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)首選材(cai)料(liao)(liao)。黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)純銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)加(jia)入(ru)金屬(shu)錫(xi)冶(ye)煉而(er)(er)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)，其性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)較(jiao)硬，相對延展(zhan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)較(jiao)差，板材(cai)易(yi)變形，所(suo)以(yi)一般只適于(yu)制(zhi)作(zuo)一些折皺(zhou)少、大塊面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝品(pin)，如銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)字(zi)、銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)牌等。青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)天然銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)里加(jia)入(ru)了50％的(de)(de)(de)(de)錫(xi)等材(cai)料(liao)(liao)后熔(rong)(rong)化成為青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬度要比原(yuan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)高，但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)點(dian)卻(que)由原(yuan)初的(de)(de)(de)(de)1083℃下(xia)降到800～960℃。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)易(yi)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，有一定準確(que)度，耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，并有一種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華貴、古雅、莊重的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩(cai)。
銅經過不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工技術(shu)(shu)和(he)(he)工藝程序，會產(chan)生不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)視覺美感(gan)和(he)(he)觸覺美感(gan)。銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藝術(shu)(shu)之美是(shi)集(ji)材質之美、工藝之美和(he)(he)藝術(shu)(shu)之美三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)綜合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)晶。因此，學(xue)習和(he)(he)研(yan)究銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑需(xu)要(yao)(yao)從這三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)入手，即使是(shi)藝術(shu)(shu)欣(xin)賞也(ye)是(shi)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)這三(san)方(fang)面來進行，如果只是(shi)從一個方(fang)面就很難了解和(he)(he)把握銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑藝術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真諦和(he)(he)豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。由于不(bu)(bu)同(tong)種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅材料和(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)造型(xing)、結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)銅制(zhi)(zhi)雕塑對加(jia)工成型(xing)工藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求也(ye)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。所以成型(xing)和(he)(he)制(zhi)(zhi)作方(fang)法主要(yao)(yao)包括鑄造、鍛造、焊接(jie)、鉚接(jie)、切割(ge)等(deng)五大(da)加(jia)工成型(xing)工藝，而且在裝飾(shi)工藝方(fang)面還主要(yao)(yao)有鑲嵌、雕金(jin)(jin)、鍍金(jin)(jin)和(he)(he)鍍銀三(san)大(da)類(lei)。
（一）鑄造工藝(yi)
鑄(zhu)造工(gong)藝(yi)是(shi)銅雕塑(su)(su)的(de)最古老的(de)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)工(gong)藝(yi)之一，它(ta)的(de)加(jia)工(gong)方法是(shi)首先(xian)要用黏土(tu)或者其它(ta)可塑(su)(su)材料(liao)做(zuo)出原(yuan)型(xing)(xing)，然后(hou)(hou)再(zai)翻成(cheng)鑄(zhu)造模(mo)型(xing)(xing)，之后(hou)(hou)進行澆鑄(zhu)。根據鑄(zhu)造模(mo)型(xing)(xing)材料(liao)的(de)不同，主要分為陶范(fan)鑄(zhu)造、金屬范(fan)鑄(zhu)造和失蠟鑄(zhu)造（也稱翻沙鑄(zhu)造）。
1、陶(tao)范鑄(zhu)造
它是(shi)(shi)我國(guo)最古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑄造(zao)技術(shu)之一(yi)，我們的(de)(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)早在(zai)商代就(jiu)熟練地掌握了(le)(le)這(zhe)種工藝(yi)，并(bing)用此工藝(yi)制(zhi)作了(le)(le)大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅藝(yi)術(shu)珍品，成(cheng)就(jiu)了(le)(le)享譽世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)青銅文(wen)化。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄造(zao)方法首先(xian)是(shi)(shi)制(zhi)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，“范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)”是(shi)(shi)指用于鑄造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)模(mo)子，制(zhi)作陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)精選細黏(nian)土敷(fu)在(zai)模(mo)型(xing)上(shang)，待半干(gan)(gan)(gan)時分(fen)(fen)塊取下陰干(gan)(gan)(gan)，干(gan)(gan)(gan)透的(de)(de)(de)(de)泥范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)再經焙(bei)燒成(cheng)為陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)①。這(zhe)就(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)片多少視造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)(fu)雜程(cheng)度而定。如果要(yao)(yao)(yao)鑄成(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑或器物(wu)，在(zai)做好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)后(hou)還要(yao)(yao)(yao)做陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)與內范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空間距離就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)澆鑄后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度。陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)上(shang)部(bu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)預(yu)先(xian)做好(hao)澆注(zhu)口和(he)出氣孔。最后(hou)把(ba)內、外范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)合起(qi)來(lai)，并(bing)敷(fu)上(shang)泥層進行(xing)加(jia)固。做好(hao)上(shang)述工作，即可(ke)以熔銅澆鑄了(le)(le)。對于造(zao)型(xing)復(fu)(fu)雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)雕塑，陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)鑄造(zao)往(wang)往(wang)無(wu)法一(yi)次成(cheng)型(xing)，因此需要(yao)(yao)(yao)采用分(fen)(fen)鑄法。比如全(quan)身人(ren)像(xiang)雕塑，我們將其(qi)頭與身體(ti)、四肢分(fen)(fen)別制(zhi)成(cheng)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)，先(xian)將四肢鑄好(hao)暫不拿出，再與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陶(tao)(tao)范(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)對接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，澆鑄軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)時四肢便與軀(qu)干(gan)(gan)(gan)鑄成(cheng)一(yi)體(ti)了(le)(le)。
西安易銅坊雕塑工程有限公司(17691083840)公司主要經營GOGOGO免費高清視頻:鍛(duan)銅雕(diao)塑定制,浮雕,不銹鋼雕塑和石雕.擁有多位資深雕塑設計師,從事雕塑和浮雕設計.公司技術力量雄厚,施工隊伍一流。
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